Corruption and Integrity

decomposition and IntegrityCorruption and integrity atomic number 18 two forces contradicting with each distinct. Corruption be primarily rampant on the golf club where integrity is not care ford as it is to be.The society where rot is reasonably controlled requires that all technical-institutional components like police forces, regulations, procedures, surveillance and enforcement, judgment, settle with and punishment be in place. This requirement is extremely grievous, and much tending has rightly been focused on it. Public and private institutions may save sh be m whatsoever an(prenominal) common degeneracy challenges. Any full-size-scale governing or a country that interacts with different kind of people, multiple suppliers and customers mustiness ensure that politicians and / or employees do not take advantage of their entrusted powers and plume bribes. Codes of channel and promoting integrity alongside effective customer complaint, whistle blowing and fi scal tracking outlines subscribe to been applied prosperedly in twain states of governance.Myanmar and Iraq ar considered top most ranking rape nations in the world. Myanmar is located in the eastern part of the Asian continent, in a geographical argona rich in natural and mineral resources, which provides significant stinting potential. Hundreds of disposal officials were done on charges of subversion. Since then, this topic has remained super politicized, limiting the room for leash parties to address this issue. It does, however, remain pressing in November 2004, the non-governmental organization Transparency worldwide published its annual rot perception index, with Myanmar ranking among the five thrash countries surveyed (on 142nd place out of 145). In Iraq putridness is in addition rampant. Estimated confirms that the official corruption costs Iraq $5-7 billion per year as estimated by one cured Iraqi official. Notable steps wear been taken Iraq has a publi c presentation audit board and inspectors command in the ministries, and senior leaders including the prime quantity Minister have identified rooting out corruption as a national priority. But too many political leaders compose pursue their personal, sectarian, or party interests. There are still no examples of senior officials who have been brought before a court of law and convicted on corruption charges (Transparency International, 2008).In contrast, Denmark and capital of Singapore are two of the least(prenominal) corrupt countries in the world according to transparency International. It has a gameyly developed securities industry-based economy, which historically revolves somewhat extended Centerport trade. Denmark is a country with high deterrent examplee populations and effective leadrers (Stone Bain, 2008). Singapore has been rated as the most business-friendly economy in the world with thousands of foreign expatriates working in multi-national corporations. Singapo re has a successful and transparent market economy (Mirza, 2006). Companies which are government-linked were dominant in the local anesthetic economys various sectors, such as utilities, media, and public transport. Singapore has been consistently rated as the Asias least corrupt country and one of the worlds ten most issue from corruption as reported by Transparency International (Transparency International, 2008).Myanmar and Iraq are considered as developing countries. In the last few years, corruption in the developing countries has come to the forefront of development thinking. Tight fiscal situations at home have made donor countries focus to a greater extent on the impact of their sanction to developing countries, raising concerns among bilateral and multilateral aid agencies over the effect of corruption on economic performance. At the corresponding time, the trend towards democratization has made developing country government fount to a greater scrutiny and accountabilit y from a kinder segment of general public. Despite this, there remains a significant degree of ambivalency among many policy makers active the real impact of corruption in the economy. This slight-than-enthusiastic response is due in part to the to the so called corruption puzzle. In a number of Asian countries, high rates of growth had been sustained over a long period despite high take aims of corruption (Transparency International, 2008). Empirical evidence indicating that corruption impedes growth and investment has begun to emerge, with academics and scholars increasingly devoting more than time to study the surrounding issues. These findings parallel to the emerging concerns of politicians and policy makers around the world about the perverting effects of corruption on economic performance and increasing efforts to try to address the chthoniclying causes. Corrupt actions are a great deal demythologisedized by those who perform it. Two forms of corruptions that are p artly hypersensitised to such rationalization are noble cause of corruption. In fibre of Myanmar, corruption induces performing actions for good end. Given the goal motivation, this form of corruption is highly susceptible to rationalization. Unfortunately such actions notwithstanding the good motive are tainted. In particular, although the person who performs such actions might believe that he/she is doing what is right this belief is a mistaken one (Svensson, 2005). The action is virtuously wrong. In contrast, Iraq is operating(a) in Trans cultural and sacred setting which is often finds it easy to rationalize away their engagement in corruption by invoking arguments, such as When in Rome, Do as Romans do. When one is operating in an environment in which one has, so to speak, no moral stake, such arguments can be tempting. This is especially the case if the condition contributive to corruption, for example, power imbalances, are in play. Unfortunately, the rationalizations for corruption that arise in transcultural setting do not in fact justify it (Miller et al, 2005).What determine are needed to complement the system in Myanmar and Iraq or new(prenominal) corrupt nations? Obviously, a comprehensive answer is outside the scope of this paper. However, a meat syndrome needs to be identified and focused on. That syndrome will take on rationally decision making that leads to action which is effective in achieving purposes which it is mean to achieve. Important decisions of dubious rationality, or neglect of rational ones, are often made even if no corruption may have been think (Svensson, 2005). The recurrent disasters involving seagoing vessels and loss of lives and property in the burning of discotheque place and hotel in recent years in these nations are at least partly results of lack of rationality in decision making. The country character of Myanmar and Iraq as compare to Singapore and Denmark did not change importantly until the 1990s. In the meantime, the particularistic values and norms that have worked so well since the superannuated times can continue to be emphasized over other values and norms, and help maintain public order (Kaing, Thet Aye 2005). However, in the rapidly urbanizing society, the same personality values and norms are no longer fitted to cope with the decision making situations involving large concentrations of diverse populations. Commitment to more impersonal or universalistic norms has become necessary. It is evident, however, that at this historical juncture, Burmese or people of Myanmar generally continue to fit decisions to the more familiar and comfortable personalistic framework ( fall in Nations, 2004).Ultimately, corruption adds inefficiency into a system and increases the risk for investors. Consequently, market prices are higher due to increased risk and increased effect costs. Deep rooted corruption causes companies to rely on paying bribes as their main source of competitive ad vantage (Klitgaard, 2000). This is opposed to innovating, taking risks and comely more efficient. Being chastely corrupt is the lowest form of introduction as they take advantage of the weak and most vulnerable in society through the pursuit of personal gain. By sacrificeing stakeholder theory, morally corrupt people have total disregard for the well being of people, and have no concern for the future well being of society. By applying rigorous principals, all forms of corruption are immoral as it does not pull ahead society over the long run. However, this should not be used as an excuse to partake in corruption indefinitely. One can morally partake in corruption provided that there is a net constructive benefit for the society, and that the corrupt act is made with the intention of reducing general corruption (Svensson, 2005). According to Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2009, p.4), morality refers to an ideal regulation of conduct, one which would be espoused in pre ference to alternatives by all rational people, under specified conditions. However, corruption is a highly subjective guinea pig which depends upon persons, cultural, honorable, moral and religious backgrounds. A perception of person regarding the corruption also depends upon their understanding and education of corruption. Hence, it is difficult to define an ideal code of conduct that all rational people will abide by, even under specified conditions. In many cases, the seemingly black and white scenario has large portions of grey. Morality is a term that spans many meanings (Miller et al, 2005). It is shaped the countrys cultural, moral, ethical and religious backgrounds. Despite religious diversity throughout the world, morality at its core is shared by all of human kind. Religious scriptures and ancient ism echo similar beliefs that we should love our neighbor and take care of others less fortunate. Thus, these implications are normally variable of corruptions in any country, specifically Myanmar and Iraq (Klitgaard, 2000). By removing corruption, we are creating value. In reality we sometimes need to partake in corruption in order to make progress.Just as important a component of this desired values outcomes, and the value that will be seen e reallywhere, is universalism. These are the foundations of countries with high level of integrity and low level of corruption. The judgment is taken from Parsons and is interpreted in practical terms to mean valuing principles that apply to the larger group as opposed to select few. From these values is a derived lower level norm that regulates relationships among individuals in the larger society. These lower level norms include the application of the merit principle in the hiring, firing and onward motion of personnel in organizations the application of the first com first served principle in the making or delivery of claims the use of rational criteria in delivering operate to members of general public, in a ccounting for use of power and others (Svensson, 2005). There are variety of are possibility of ways to lessen the corrupt and unethical behaviors. In Denmark, there are programs implemented to monitor the budget parceling of each government officials as well as the organized system of Singapore. Unlike Myanmar and Iraq, there are no specified programs regarding these issues. There are some visible programs but it was inefficient in combating the corruption which is commonly committed by higher officials of the government. The members of the population, who recognize the importance of integrity and values, if they have not internalized this as central part of their value system and repertoire, may be in the minority at the present time, but they are there. The success of Singaporean working in organizations is one indication, as is the operating theater of such enclaves as the main factor for their economic success and uncomparable progress in Asia. What seems to be called for i s the lead and support that they need at the same time that efforts are made to increase their progressions. An effective leadership system that will promote progress and economic sustainability will be a great help, but so will more ship action at inculcating the appropriate values itself (Mirza, 2006). The ethical dimension of corruption activity does not consist simply of constraining rules and minimal standards, and certainly no simply of and reasonedly enforceable rules and standards. In the first place, many principles and standards are not legally enforceable but are except highly ethically desirable. anti-corruption system is one of the ways to lessen these deleterious activities. Anti-corruption system can be thought of as being both predominantly reactive and predominantly preventive. Naturally, the distinction is somewhat artificial, since there is a need for both reactive elements, for example, investigation and adjuration, as well as preventive elements, for example ethic training and transparency, and an adequate ant-corruption system. At any rate, there is a proposed to concise anti-corruption system under two broad headings, the reactive and preventive approaches. There are also subheadings in these approaches promoting ethical behavior, corporate governance and prerogative and transparency (Klitgaard, 2000). Denmark and Singapore employed different approaches from Myanmar and Iraq, their approaches to combat corruption in their country this is the main reason wherefore there is very relatively small rate of corruption in these two countries. They used criteria in each approaches employed, manner of implementation, and results of the activities undertaken. The typologies and the specifications and examples given are worth looking at. In Denmark, leaders are being non institutional, characterized by spontaneity among adherents. It takes highly emotional and moralistic stance against corruption. Singapore value changes in actors of various i nstitutions as a goal. In fact, in the approaches they implemented, the strain is on moral and legal, there is no provision for effective technical, legal and bureaucratic mover in combating the corruption. These countries also emphasizes the use of institutional means to achieve stated goals, including legislative measures, anti-corruption bureaus and anti -corruption campaigns aimed at securing the cooperation of the public in the drive of corruption. This approach is led by their powerful rulers in their society and utilizes constitutional legal, organizational and procedural means to achieve a very high level goal the elimination or eradication of corruption (Miller et al, 2005).REFERENCES Transparency International (2008). Global Corruption Report 2008. Cambridge University Press.Svensson, J. (2005). Eight Questions about Corruption. Journal of EconomicPerspectives-Vol.19.Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Religion and Morality.2 June 2009. http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/ religion-moralityMiller, S., Roberts, P., Spence, E. (2005). Corruption and Anti Corruption An appliedphilosophical Approach New York Prentice Hall.United Nations. (2004). Strategic Framework for UN Agencies in Myanmar. areaTeam in Myanmar Yangon UN Country Team in MyanmarKaing, Thet Aye (2005). New Government Accuses Super Power of eccentric in YangonBombings. The Myanmar Times.Klitgaard, R. (2000). Corrupt Cities A Practical Guide to cure and prevention.Oakland calcium ICS pressStone,A. Bain, C. (2008). Denmark? Denmark delineatedsketches of the present state of that country?Mirza, H. (2006). Multinationals and the growth of the Singapore economy?