The operations and business model of McDonalds

The trading operations and line of descent model of McDonaldsMissionMcDonalds brand mission is to be our customers favorite erupt and way to eat. Our orbicular operations flip been reorient around a global strategy c completelyed the Plan to Win centering on the vanadium basics of an surpassing customer experience People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion. We ar move to improving our operations and enhancing our customers experience.This is from http//www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_ factoricipation/mcd_faq/student_research.html?DCSext.destination=http//www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company/mcd_faq/student_research.html13VisionWe en resourcefulness a render mountain chain that benefitably yields high- fiber, safe products without run interruption while supplement our leaders position to create a net benefit by improving ethical, environmental and economic outcomes. Ethical We envision purchasing from suppliers who win practices that ensure the health and safet y of their employees and the welf ar and humane intervention of animals in our fork out chain. Environmental We envision influencing the sourcing of our materials and ensuring the design of our products, their manufacture, distri andion and use pick at lifecycle impacts on the environment. Economic We envision delivering affordable viands, engaging in h nonp areilst change over practices, limiting the spread of agricultural diseases, and positively impacting the communities where our suppliers operate. We view this vision and its responsibilities holistically. As sourcing decisions are made, we consider our priorities for aliment safety, quality and costs, as puff up as our ethical, environmental and economic responsibilities. Our progress on beef and java sustainability illustrate how we are running(a) to bring this approach to life.This is from http//www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/csr/ promulgate/sustainable_supply_chain/our_approach.html?DCSext.destination=http//www.abo utmcdonalds.com/mcd/csr/ reveal/sustainable_supply_chain/our_approach.html paygrade Blah,. Blah, blah..Operations and Business ModelMcDonalds is the worlds largest foodservice exchange chain. It operates to a greater extent or less 32,000 eaterys in over 100 countries and is unrivaled of the worlds largest food service retailing chain, preparing, and serving a range of food products and beverages. All restaurants are operated every by the company or by licensees, including conventional franchisees under franchise arrangements, and foreign affiliated grocery stores and schoolingal licensees under license check offments.The companys vexation is shared into four geographical fragments atomic follow 63, the US, APMEA (Asia, Pacific, Middle East and Africa), and other(a) countries and bodied. Other countries and corporate complicates Canada and Latin the States, as well as corporate activities and certain investments. McDonalds restaurants tolerate a standardized bill, although there may be geographic variations.McDonalds make outs their revenues in lead slipway Retail gross revenue, Franchise fees and lease agreements for property they give (leasing the property back to the franchisee)I DONT KNOW WHERE THIS CAME FROM..(I have this one Clint)This came from DataMonitor guild Profile retrieved 6/3/10 saved in the M Drive as McDonalds phoner Profile valuation The Ford reputation was about this short with no more.Financial and Performance valuationOutperforms the fabrication in revenue and net income growthHigher profit margins than the industry and the SP.Liquidity at heart range of competitorsLess levered than the rest of the industryHighly efficient in turning inventoryFinancials have been in general trending upwardhttp//moneycentral.msn.com/investor/invsub/results/compare.asp?Symbol=US%3aMCDEvaluation The combination of high margins and efficient inventory turnover has allowed McDonalds to outperform the rest of the industry by arou nd all accounts. The low debt and high interest coverage indicates that the company should non have difficulty in meeting its obligations. As a result, McDonalds was issued a credit rating of AA- by Moodys, the highest credit rating ever spirited(p) to a riotous food restaurant (http//quicktake.morningstar.com/stocknet/san.aspx?id=325610). Same store revenues have been change magnitude quarter over quarter and year over year, support by strong sales in countries other than the US. Despite the upstart turning point, McDonalds has performed well and seems poised to enceinteize on the opportunity.Macro Environment let out TrendsEconomyGlobal economic issues from the US stock market, to Greece, to Chinas economic subnormalityPotential short dollar/poor exchange rates vary market conditions per countryTechnologyDifferent cultures want different foods/ menus than U.S so must invest in RDPolitical/LegalEver ever-changing climates with 100 governments to deal withVaried laws (tra de, finance, safety, labor, etc.)Socio-CulturalThe rest of the world wants what the U.S. has and food is one of the itemsPressures to have healthier foodsDemographicsMore baby boomersRecent higher unemployment unfermented demographics to deal with (Brazil, Russia, India, China)GlobalizationPeople say they want to loose weight, but most people are gaining itNatural EnvironmentPressures to go spirt (packaging, reduced carbon footprint, etc.)ThreatsContinued contenderImpression they only sell unhealthy foodsPoor economic conditions and global unrestOpportunitiesExpand in the coffee (McCafe) marketContinue with healthier foods and lifestyles confederate with retail bonds (i.e. like Starbucks has done with grocery stores and Target)These are our thoughts, so no persona, agreeEvaluation Industry abstractMcDonalds is in the quick service restaurant segment and its defined as the sale of food and drink for nimble consumption either on the premises or in designated alimentation areas s hared with other foodservice operators, or for consumption elsewhere. Their main competitors are Burger world-beater and Wendys/Arbys. The global fast food market generated total revenues of $154.7B in 2008, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.6% for the period spanning 2004-2008. The performance of the market is forecast to decelerate, with an anticipated CAGR of 5.3% for the five-year period of 2008-2013. Reference is the Datamonitor paperFive Forces Substitutes (Moderate) alkali cookingConvenience storesGrocery Stores (i.e. salad bar, pre-cooked diners, etc)Suppliers Power (Low)No uniqueness to products stabbing materials readily availableSwitching costs are low purchaser Power (High)Buyer IndependenceLow switching costslean to switchNew Entrants (Low)Local franchise may be impacted by competition, but non nationally/globallyToo oft capital needed to compete with McDonaldsHard to bear upon branding originatorRivalries (High)Little product differentiationL ittle price differentiation more competitorsThese are our thoughts, so no reference, agree I agree, unless you want to reference Grant textbook.Market segmentStrategic Groups / Competitors by Market (DM)Consumer Packages unsloped IndustryFood (Cargill, Inc., Nestle SA, The Proctor Gamble go with, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Unilever) unemployed and Arts IndustryHotels and Restaurants (TUI AG, Jardine Matheson Holdings Limited, Compass Group PLC, Sodexo S.A,., Burger King pile)Food serve (Compass Group PLC, Sodexo S.A., Loews Corporation, ARAMARK Corporation)Fast Food Restaurants (Yum Brands, Inc., Autogrill S.p.A., Chick-fail-A, Inc., Jack in the Box Inc., Wendys/Arbys Group)Kristie ensnare this..I found this at Datamart retrieved 7/10/10Competitor AnalysisMcDonaldsBurger KingWendy/Arbys dodgingCost leadership (low cost, industry wide) strategyStrategy is to offer menu variety at affordable prices such as Happy Meals, budget-minded Value Menu, espresso coffee drinks, fruit smoothies , bonus chicken sandwiches and salads, our premium sandwiches that come with chicken, or grilled chicken as a plectron in terms of managing caloriesRestaurant development strategy is to pick locations within the marketplace to expand its target customers such as restaurants in local anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic neighborhoods as well as at airports, malls, toll ways, and colleges. (DM)Large home plate of operation and ability to customize menu provides the ability to penetrate coming(prenominal) markets with minimal effort and enhances its revenue generation capacity (DM)De-emphasize Partner Brands concepts in order to focus on the McDonalds brand (SP)Cost leadership (low cost, industry wide) strategyStrategy is to focus its product development and selling to customers in the 18- to 34-year-old male demographic. It has added a number of premium-priced items to its menu, including the Steakhouse Burger made with black Angus beef. (Hoovers)Uses a number of online marketing techniques, including viral videos, to reach its target auditory modality (Hoovers)Cost leadership (low cost, industry wide) strategy (WA, DM)Improving several plaza products such as sandwich buns, French fries and bacon by differentiating in quality in the QSR hamburger segment. (WA, DM)Focus on our unspoilt, never frosty beef and premium chicken. (WA, DM)Install a disciplined product development and testing process (WA, DM)ObjectivesCompete in the global fast food industry continue its Plan to Win corporate strategy that it commenced in 2003 (SP)Fixing operating inefficiencies in existing restaurants taking a more meldd while focusing on growth, with an emphasis on increase sales, margins and returns in existing restaurants and ensuring the right operating structure and resources are aligned with priorities that create benefits for customers and restaurants. (SP)Customize product to suit tastes and preference of consumers in local markets (DM)Well-positioned to expand global footprint, invest in reimaging program and deliver operations excellence every day.Marketing campaigns and menu options leave behind focus on the brand equities that provide a distinct competitive advantage flame-broiled taste, quality and size at affordable prices. (DM Wendy)Long-term strategies remain on naturally and committed to respond to an ever-changing consumer dynamic.Same-store sales growth by increase transactions and average check.Margin expansion through advanced usable execution and control of costs.Begin a rollout of a Breakfast menu to attract market share in day segment.New restaurant development with an emphasis on franchise growth.Expand internationally in markets such as Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia- Pacific.AssumptionsInternational segment has supplied a good deal of its earnings growth over the past ii decades (SP)Diversified geographic presence provides opportunity to gain from economic growth in emerging markets (DM)Restaurants sub-industry is negative and will continue as high jobless ratios and an on-going troubled housing market (SP)The full-service restaurant segment will be negative specifically for the restaurant locations in states where the housing markets prices are weak and unemployment is above the national average causing continued pressure on sales and customer preference for less expensive menu choices. (SP) contend consumer environment will continue due to high unemployment levels resulting in a reduction in out-of-home eating expenditures. choices385,000 Employees (SP)Cash 1,796 meg (SP)41,320 Employees (SP)Cash 122 Million (SP)67,500 Employees (SP)Cash 592 Milliom (SP)Kristie found this..everything in the boxes aboveI saved the friendship profiles on the M drive. I used the company profiles from Datamonitor (DM) for McDonalds, Wendys/Arbys Group, Inc, and Burger King Corporation retrieved 7/3/10.HooversBurger King Holdings, Inc. (15 July). Hoovers Company Records,54531. Retrieved July 3, 2010, from Hoovers Company Records. (Document ID 168241971).SPMcDonalds Corp. (20 July). Standard and Poors NetAdvantage Company Profile. Retrieved July 3, 2010, from Standard and Poors NetAdvantage Company Profile.Burger King Holdings, Inc. (20 July). Standard and Poors NetAdvantage Company Profile. Retrieved July 3, 2010, from Standard and Poors NetAdvantage Company Profile.Wendys/Arbys Group. (20 July). Standard and Poors NetAdvantage Company Profile. Retrieved July 3, 2010, from Standard and Poors NetAdvantage Company Profile.Evaluation Company/ instalment AnalysisWE PROBABLY pauperization TO CHANGE THIS/MAKE IT OURS, NOT SO MUCH FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT.Key ResourcesTangibleFinancial (cash securities, borrowing capability)Revenues egest $22,700 million2009 comparable sales increase marked the vith sequential year of positive sales in every geographic segment of our business.Physical (plant, equipment, land)Operated in over 100 countries 32,478 McDonalds restaurants80% of McDonalds rest aurants worldwide possess and operated by independent local men and womanNatural ResourceHas some agriculture operations in RussiaIntangibleTechnology ( balmyware, patent, counterpartright, trade secrets, data)Product/Menu Innovationcustomizes its product to suit tastes and preference of consumers in local marketscompanys product line in India comprise of non-beef based burgersdevelopmental licenseLocal entrepreneur owns the business, including control of the real estate, and uses their capital and local knowledge to build the McDonalds Brand and optimize long-term sales and profitability.The company collects a royalty, which varies by market, based on a percentage of salesReputation (brands, relationships)Well-established brand that appeals to all customers of all age groups and nationalities 1Provides acceptability in advanced markets 12009 6th place in the cabbage 100 global brandsPredictable value, family fun and familiar taste floricultureLeadership culture that embraces c hange and rejects complacencyContinually focused on what is working and then leveraging our scale around the world for the boilersuit good of their customers and their System.Human ResourcesSkill / know-how / Training at McDonalds UniversityRelationship force-out of the alignment between the Company, its franchisees and suppliers (collectively referred to as the System) has been key to McDonalds success over the years. This business model enables McDonalds to consistently deliver locally-relevant restaurant experiences to customers and be an integral part of the communities we serve. In addition, it facilitates their ability to identify, implement, and scale innovative ideas that meet customers changing postulate and preferences.MotivationMcDonalds customer-focused Plan to Win-which is centered around being better, not full bigger-provides a common framework for our global business yet allows for local adaptation. Through the execution of multiple initiatives surrounding the fiveK ey drivers of exceptional customer experiences-People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion-they have heighten the restaurant experience for customers worldwide and grown sales and customer visits in each of the last six years. This Plan, coupled with financial discipline, has delivered strong results for shareholders.Capacity for communication and collaboration cross-fertilization of ideas and innovations, our leaders are better able to assume upstart challenges and responsibilities on behalf of the Company.Kristie found this aboveFound this on McDonalds Annual Report 2009 Retrieved 6/4 Saved the file in the M Drive as McD_2009_AR_Final_032910..Capabilities/Value ChainPrimaryInbound LogisticsNo difference from competitionOperations (Competitive Qualifier)Makes food as fast as competition outgoing Logistics (Competitive Qualifier)Located in Metro areas, easy to drive into/out of, one on every corner (per se)Marketing/Sales (Value Add)Gives customers more options (hamburgers, sala ds, coffee, deserts, etc.) on with free Wi-Fi, and is more recognizable than competitionSecondaryInfrastructureDid not muster and advantage or disadvantageHuman Resource care (Value Add)Has McDonalds University for Management, others do notTechnology (Value Add)Come out with new products starting. I.e. orotund Mac, Breakfast foods, coffee, now smoothiesProcurement (Competitive Qualifier)Owns/grows little to none, buy and assembles everythingCustomer answerThey have Customer Service like the competitionOur thoughts..Core Competencies The collect of resources and capabilities that add value to a customer and may serve as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. It is answered by the follow accomplished Yes. McDonalds is a global company that started over 70 years past and is still growing. Tremendous branding.sustainable Yes. They actually grew and made profits during the recession of 2008 and continue to outpace the competition by nearly 8 crinkle over Wendys/Arbys and 10 fold over Burger King REFERENCE http//www.dailyfinance.com/quotes/mcdonald-s-corporation/mcd/nys irreproducible the products, yes, the experience no. They have come out with new products first (i.e. competitive coffee, healthier foods, etc.) and have the branding that the competitors grasst touch. Ronald McDonald is second to Santa Claus in recognition.Our thoughts..(one reference above)Evaluation VII. Corporate Social Audit..This was less than a page for FORDthat is because they know what they are doing and I dont lol.THINK WE NEED TO SCALE THIS DOWN, APPLY TO CONCEPTS IN THE BOOK. MAKE IT NOT FROM MCDONALDS VIEW, BUT OUR VIEW.sustainability contrive to improve conditions for farm workers in the Florida tomato industry in 2007, which in turn promotes good environmental practices in its land-based agricultural supply chain and makes the farm a sustainable business. Although McDonalds purchases only 1.5% of Floridas tomatoes annually, McDonalds and its suppliers institut ed industry-leading grower standards that improved working conditions in these farms and made the farm a sustainable business.http//social-corporate-responsibility.suite101.com/article.cfm/corporate-social-responsibility-at-mcdonaldsFlagship Farms Initiative (FAI) in Europe. The program showcases seven progressive farms employing innovative farming practices across Europe and carries out research into how ethical farming practices can be compound into commercial farming systems.http//social-corporate-responsibility.suite101.com/article.cfm/corporate-social-responsibility-at-mcdonaldsSustainable Fisheries program which is in collaboration with the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership. This program defines sustainability standards that guide all of McDonaldss purchases worldwide for wild-caught fish that goes into making those Fillet-o-Fish and make the relevant fishery a more sustainable business.http//social-corporate-responsibility.suite101.com/article.cfm/corporate-social-responsibi lity-at-mcdonaldsIn 2005, the affectionateness launched a new unique educational opportunity, in partnership with fast food giant McDonalds, giving Haas MBA students first-hand exposure to the myriad CSR challenges businesses face on a daily basis. The program is known as the McDonalds Research Fellows in Corporate responsibility (CSR) Program.Through research, stakeholder engagement and intensive field experiences, a globally diverse squad of second-year Haas MBA students conduct a dark stakeholder engagement theatre of operations on McDonalds CSR activities giving the company a fresh perspective and new insights into its business. As part of McDonalds Open Doors program, the main tendency of the CSR Fellows program is to expose the students to McDonalds business and create opportunities for the company to engage and interact with various stakeholders.The corporate-sponsored program provides research fellowships to each student. Recipients are known as McDonalds Fellows. The fellows work closely with a faculty director on the study and produce several key deliverables that may be used loosely and at the discretion of McDonalds (web, companys corporate responsible reports, etc.).http//responsiblebusiness.haas.berkeley.edu/McDonaldsCSRFellowsProgram.htmlEducate and communicate with our supply system about sustainabilityThrough the use of targeted communication tools, an internal website, and readying opportunities, we have achieved a greater understanding of, and alignment around, sustainability, including how it drives our business.Continue to integrate environmental considerations into our packaging design through rollout of our global packaging carte du jour into our gild largest marketsThe Eco-Filter 2.0 (our packaging scorecard) has been implemented in each area of the world. promotional material designers have been trained in its use. The scorecard is being used to comprise environmental considerations, in addition to other business criteria.I ncrease the number of Hamburger University certified restaurant managersWe continue to focus our efforts on increasing the numbers of restaurant managers who are HU graduates with positive success. The percentage of restaurants in our enlighten nine markets with managers who were graduates of HU in 2008 was 93.3%.Develop a comprehensive global forestry policy that will apply to all products we purchaseWe developed a global Sustainable Land Management Commitment (SLMC), using a exact process that acceptd global internal, supplier, and NGO input. Initial communications efforts are focused internally and with our supplier community.Measure environmental impacts in our supply chain By the concluon of 2009, the Environmental Scorecard (ES) should be completely rolled out to all of our direct suppliers of beef, poultry, pork, potatoes and buns in McDonalds top nine markets. The ES measures water, energy, waste and air emissions metrics and promotes continuous improvement. In addition , an sign estimate of our supply chain carbon footprint is underway and will be completed in early 2010.Further rollout of our global forestry standards for consumer packaging, expanding into other Areas of the World, specifically the U.S. and Asia Pacific, Middle East, and Africa (APMEA). The APMEA market has partially implemented our forestry standards for consumer packaging, with full word meaning planned by the end of 2009. As of the end of 2008, the North America market had completely rolled out the standards.interpreted from McDonalds Corporate Responsibility Online Report, PAGE 2 I saved a hard copy of the report on the M Drive. Retrieved 7/1/10http//www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/csr/report/overview.-RightParaContentTout-43872-ReportsLinkList-44436-File1.tmp/McDonalds%202009%20Global%20CR%20Report%20Overview.pdfInnovative menuIn many markets, customers can mix and match main course, side beverage and dessert choices to create custom-tailored Happy Meals. yoghourt desserts wit h fruit are too available in most of the major markets, as are sugar-free soft drinks. 100% fruit juice is also on a number of menus worldwide. Market-level offerings includeMcDonalds France offers a choice of entres, three side dishes, fruit bags, nine beverages and four desserts. Sides include cherry tomatoes and two types of potato offerings. Beverages include bottled water, two juice options with no added sugar, and two soft drinks with no sugar. For dessert, customers may choose a drinkable applesauce, a yoghurt drink or sliced fruit. Happy Meal choices in the UK include cultivated carrot sticks, bottled water, juice, a soft drink with no sugar added, on with a fruit bag side/dessert and semi-skimmed, organic milk. In Hong Kong, Happy Meal choices include whole grain corn as side and for beverages, juice, low- fat milk, or soy milk. In the U.S., Happy Meals can be ordered with Apple Dippers and 100% apple juice or 1% low-fat milk as a beverage.McDonalds Australia Happy Meal offerings include the Seared Chicken Snack Wrap, Apple Slices, Apple juice, Low spicy Calcium Enriched Chocolate Milk and a Sparkling Fruit Juice Drink (Apple Blackcurrant).Taken from McDonalds Corporate Responsibility Online Report, PAGE 11 I saved a hard copy of the report on the M Drive. Retrieved 7/1/10Our Global Advisory Council (GAC) is an international team of independent experts assembled by McDonalds to provide us with professional guidance in the areas of nutrition and childrens well- being. The GAC plays a pivotal role in helping us to continuously evolve our thinking and approach in these areas. GAC members provide us with valuable insights, direction and recommendations about how to continue delivering a more advantageous and valuable experience to children and families. Adam Drewnowski PhD, MA Prevention Treatment of Obesity, University of working capital at Seattle, WA Paul GatelyMcDonalds makes charitable contributions through the Ronald McDonald House Chariti es (RMHC) which aims to create, find and support programs that directly improve the health and well being of children. fit to Clara Carrier of Ronald McDonald House Charities, in particular, the Ronald McDonald Care Mobile attempts to ensure that children in vulnerable communities can receive state-of-the-art medical and dental treatment to improve their health and strengthen the whole family. This health care on wheels program attempts to change childrens lives and improve communities along the way.http//social-corporate-responsibility.suite101.com/article.cfm/corporate-social-responsibility-at-mcdonaldsAccelerate and expand food and beverage choices for kidsWe remain committed to working with our suppliers and partners to test and introduce new food and beverage items for kids on a market-by-market basis. In Spain and Australia this year we grow the choice of Happy Meal entre items with the introduction of a new kids sized grilled chicken snack wrap, while in Portugal we launched carrot veggie rolls. On the beverage front, we introduced new fruit beverages across Latin America and in Australia and continue to look for other refreshing options appropriate for kids.Continue to enhance childrens well-being through programs and initiatives that provide fun with aPurposeWe have leveraged the characters from our Happy Meal promotions to encourage fruit, vegetable and dairy farm purchases and to inspire kids to be active and creative and will continue to do so in the coming years. In 2008, many McDonalds markets, including Australia, Brazil, China and Japan, created stout opportunities for kids to experience the Beijing Olympics, whether it was as an athlete escort at the Games or sponsoring local athletic initiatives. Along with continuing to support local grassroots efforts, we use Ronald McDonald at restaurants to encourage kids to participate in activities that activate their body, mind and spirit.Continue to provide useful nutrition information in ways mos t relevant to todays consumersIn many markets around the world, we have enhanced our merchandising efforts to make it easier for parents to make balanced food choices for themselves and their kids. In all of our top nine markets, we continue to invest in making nutritional information available in the store, as well as online.Taken from McDonalds Corporate Responsibility Online Report, PAGE 12 I saved a hard copy of the report on the M Drive. Retrieved 7/1/10VIII. Competitive Position.this is the box (low cost, differentiator, etc.)Low Cost differentiatorBroadFocusedI now think they are in this box. They are definitely focused of just fast food, yet they are not always the lowest. They want people to visit them because the have the surmount fries, the best coffee, wi-fi, etc.I sent Bryant a message on this.These are our thoughts..IX. Corporate Strategy Clint working onVertical integrationPartially or QuasiFranchise provide portion of capital required by initially investing and rein vesting in the business over timeOwns the land and buildings or secures long-term debt leases for both McDonalds operated and conventional franchised restaurants sitesThese are our thoughts..Geography/International Strategy Clint working onLines of Business outcome of diversification NoneWhat kind of diversification NoneHow do they do it NoneExperience (good/bad) NoneFuture (when/where) NAThese are our thoughts..Evaluation StructureOrg structure.REFERENEC found in the 2009 annual Reporthttp//www.aboutmcdonalds.com/etc/medialib/aboutMcDonalds/investor_relations0.Par.6540.File.dat/McD_2009_AR_Final_032910.pdfEvaluation XI. Strategic RecommendationsWill be our thoughts.

Development Of The Mbo Concept Business Essay

Development Of The Mbo design Business experimentManagement by Objectives has been one of the most successful forward motiones to management to date. The event that MBO has survived for near twenty years indicates that it is more than dear a voguish technique. What is often overlooked, however, is that MBO has changed considerably over the years. There atomic number 18 every last(predicate) the same most who think of MBO as an estimation tool. provided, if this narrow, limited view of MBO is taken, accordingly MBO would hence make serious limitations. On the other baseball glove, if MBO becomes a way of managing, umpteen of the undesirable consequences encountered in appraisal throw out be avoided.Development of the MBO ConceptThe term Management by Objectives was introduced and popularized by Peter Drucker, who stated that, Objectives argon ask in every heavens where mathematical operation and results directly and vitally affect the survival and prosperity o f the business. In addition, he emphasized the enormousness of participative ending conformting, selfcontrol, and self- rating. But Druckers idea of MBO was non adopted in its entirety, and MBO was non practiced as a way of managing. Rather, selected sentiments were taken and applied to doing appraisal.The Appraisal Approach. McGregor covered attention to the shortcomings of conventional appraisal programs, which foc apply mainly on personality traits. The manager, mistrusting the validity of the appraisal instrument, resisted beca usage he did non like to suppose other human beings like physical objects. Consequently, McGregor suggested anew appraisal format, utilizing Druckers MBO concepts. In this orgasm, the subordinate sets his short-term mathematical operation goals for himself. These goals argon indeed discussed further with his superior. Later, the individuals murder is evaluated against these goals, only if it is primarily self-appraisal. The MBO approach t o appraisal was certainly a footprint in the right direction. However, it dealt with only a small (although authoritative) part of the managerial communication channel.Integrating Objectives. In the middle 1960s, behavioral scientists became interested in the MBO philosophy. They apothegm MBO as a way of integrating individual and judicatureal objectives, in which the individual becomes an active participant in the managerial cultivate. Moreover, the underlying supposition is not that top management knows scoop up, but rather, that individuals at all levels ar capable of contributing to the success of the brass section. Consequently, participation is a key aspect of this orientation. Another characteristic of this MBO approach is the concern not only for organisational objectives, but also personal development objectives. It recognizes that learning does not lug at the time a diploma or degree is earned. culture is a continuing process. Therefore, developmental and growt h objectives are now an important part of the MBO process. Another facet that should be mentioned here is that people in organizations are better educated than ever before. Consequently, they do not destiny to accept orders blindly they demand a part of the action they deficiency to be involved they want more control over their job and their life and they also want to know where the company is going, so that they arsehole contribute to the aims of the organization. MBO, which stresses participation, was found to be a means to satisfy these postulate. It was recognized that people want to do a goodjob and that the needs of the organization and the individual are not necessarily incongruent, and that they apprise be integrated. Therefore, both the individual and the organization jackpot benefit from this approach to management.The long-term View. Although the new emphasis on the needs of individuals created a more well-situated environment for managing, there were still some problems. One was that the focus was still primarily on shortterm, one-year objectives. Unfortunately, this often resulted in undesirable consequences. For example, individuals, nidus on the one-year cycle, may neglect important decisions necessary for the long-term health of the organization. This points to the need to integrate long range and strategic plans with average and short-range objectives. The implication of the new orientation had a greater push than might appear on the surface. Previously,MBO programs were primarily implemented by the staff office departments. It was not unusual to find the top management attitude that MBO is valuable, but only for middle and lower managers. The new orientation and the shift to a more comprehensive approach to MBO (relating it to long-range and strategic plans) demands the attention and elaboration of top management. Their commitment has to go beyond the issuance of a policy statement endorsing MBO for the company. rather, top e xecutives essential become active participants in the MBO process. Consequently, MBO welds unneurotic not only short-term goals with long-term aims, it also integrates the efforts of managers at all levels of the organization..Management by Objectives (MBO) MethodThe Management by Objectives (MBO) mode is a process in which managers and employees jointly set objectives for the employees, oscillatingally evaluate exploit, and takings according to the results. Although it is a three-step process, no standard form is apply with MBO, so it is a method. MBO is also referred to as work planning and refresh, goals management, goals and controls, and management by results.Why and when do we use the MBO method? The MBO method is one of the best methods of developing employees. Like critical incidents, employees go bad ongoing feedback on how they are doing, usually at scheduled interval meetings. We can use the MBO method successfully with our employees if we commit to the process a nd truly involve employees rather than exhausting to make them believe that our objectives are theirs-accurate measures.On an organization-wide basis, MBO is not too normally used as the sole assessment method. It is more commonly used establish on the evaluative assessment during the development part of the murder appraisal. One difficult part of MBO is that in some(prenominal) situations, most, if not all, employees go out have different goals, making MBO more difficult and time-consuming than utilise a standard assessment form.How do we use the MBO method? MBO is a three-step processStep 1. score individual objectives and plans. The manager sets objectives jointly with apiece individual employee.26 The objectives are the heart of the MBO process and should be accurate measures of performance results. To be accurate, objectives should be SMART.27 They need to be Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-based. Being particular(prenominal), measurable, and time-b ased is fairly piano to determine in a written goal, but being come-at-able and relevant is more difficult. So we developed a model based on the work of Max E. Douglas with two examples in Model 8-1 that we can use when picture objectives for ourselves or with others.Step 2. Give feedback and evaluate performance. talk is the key factor in determining MBOs success or failure, and employees should continually critique their own performance.28 Thus, the manager and employee must communicate often to review progress.29 The frequency of evaluations depends on the individual and the job performed. However, most managers do not conduct enough review sessions.Step 3. Reward according to performance. Employees performance should be measured against their objectives. Employees who meet their objectives should be rewarded through recognition, praise, pay raises, promotions, and so on.30 Employees who do not meet their goals, so long as the origin is not out of their control, usually have rewards withheld and even punishment when necessary.AdvantagesThe MBO approach overcomes some of the problems that arise as a result of assuming that the employee traits needed for job success can be reliably identified and measured. Instead of assuming traits, the MBO method concentrates on actual outcomes.If the employee meets or exceeds the set objectives, then he or she has demonstrated an acceptable level of job performance. Employees are judged according to real outcomes, and not on their potential for success, or on someones subjective opinion of their abilities.The guiding principle of the MBO approach is that direct results can be observed, whereas the traits and attributes of employees (which may or may not contribute to performance) must be guessed at or inferred.The MBO method recognizes the fact that it is difficult to neatly dissect all the complex and varied divisors that go to make up employee performance.MBO advocates claim that the performance of employees cannot be broken up into so many constituent parts as one might take apart an engine to study it. But put all theparts in concert and the performance may be directly observed and measured.DisadvantagesMBO methods of performance appraisal can give employees a satisfying sense of autonomy and achievement. But on the downside, they can lead to unrealistic expectations more or less what can and cannot be reasonably accomplished.Supervisors and subordinates must have very good reality checking skills to use MBO appraisal methods. They get out need these skills during the initial stage of objective setting, and for the purposes of self-auditing and self- supervise. Unfortunately, seek studies have shown repeatedly that human beings tend to lack the skills needed to do their own reality checking. Nor are these skills easily conveyed by training. Reality itself is an intensely personal experience, prone to all forms of perceptual bias.One of the strengths of the MBO method is the pellucidne ss of purpose that flows from a set of well-articulated objectives. But this can be a source of weakness also. It has become very apparent that the modern organization must be flexible to survive. Objectives, by their very nature, tend to bring down a certain rigidity.MBO PROCESSThis type of managing hasnt been around forever Its an approach called Management by Objectives a system that seeks to align employees goals with the goals of the organization. This ensures that everyone is clear about what they should be doing, and how that is beneficial to the all organization. Its quite easy to see why this type of managing makes sense when the parts work in unison the whole works smoothly too. And by focusing on what youre trying to achieve, you can quickly discriminate between tasks that must be completed, and those that are just a waste of valuable time.http//www.mindtools.com/media/MBO.jpgThese steps are explained below1. Set or Review Organizational ObjectivesMBO starts with clear ly defined strategic organizational objectives (see our article on Mission and Vision Statements for more on this.) If the organization isnt clear where its going, no one working there will be either.2. Cascading Objectives Down to EmployeesTo attendant the mission, the organization needs to set clear goals and objectives, which then need to cascade down from one organizational level to the beside until they r from distributively one the everyone. To make MBO goal and objective setting more effective, Drucker used the SMART acronym to set goals that were attainable and to which people felt accountable. He give tongue to that goals and objectives must beSpecificMeasurableAgreed (relating to the participative management principle) lifelikeTime relatedNotice the A in SMART is agreed. This is sometimes referred to as achievable but, with MBO, agreement about the goals is a critical element Its not enough for the goals and objectives to be set at the top and then handed down. They mu st flow, or trickle, down through various stages of agreement. The only goal that is going to be met is one that is agreed on. How much easier is to get buy in when the person responsible for achieving the goal had a hand in developing it?3. Encourage Participation in Goal stage settingEveryone needs to understand how their personal goals fit with the objectives of the organization. This is best through with(p) when goals and objectives at each level are shared and discussed, so that everyone understands why things are being done, and then sets their own goals to align with these. This increases peoples ownership of their objectives. Rather than blindly following orders, managers, supervisors, and employees in an MBO system know what needs to be done and thus dont need to be ordered around. By pushing decision-making and certificate of indebtedness down through the organization, you motivate people to solve the problems they face intelligently and give them the information they n eed to adapt flexibly to changing circumstances.Through a participative process, every person in the organization will set his or her own goals, which support the overall objectives of the team, which support the objectives of the department, which support the objectives of the business unit, and which support the objectives of the organization.4. Monitor ProgressBecause the goals and objectives are SMART, they are measurable. They dont measure themselves though, so you have to create a monitoring system that signals when things are off track. This monitoring system has to be timely enough so that issues can be dealt with before they threaten goal achievement. With the cascade effect, no goal is set in isolation, so not meeting targets in one area will affect targets everywhere. On the other hand, it is essential that you ensure that the goals are not driving adverse behaviour because they have not been designed correctly. For instance, a call centre goal of finishing all calls dee p down seven minutes might be useful in promote the staff to handle each call briskly, and not spend inessential time chatting. However, it might be that customers calls were becoming more complex, perhaps because of a faulty new product, and call centre operators were terminating the call after 6 minutes 59 seconds in order to meet their target, leaving customers to call back, frustrated. In this situation, the monitoring process should pick up the shift in the goal environment and change the goal inhibitly.Set up a specific plan for monitoring goal performance (once a year, combined with a performance review is not sufficient) Badly-implemented MBO tends to stress the goal setting without the goal monitoring. Here is where you take control of performance and demand accountability. trust about all the goals you have set and didnt achieve. Having good intentions isnt enough, you need a clear path marked by accountability checkpoints. Each goal should have mini-goals and a method for keeping on top of each one.5. Evaluate and Reward PerformanceMBO is designed to improve performance at all levels of the organization. To ensure this happens, you need to put a comprehensive evaluation system in place. As goals have been defined in a specific, measurable and time-based way, the evaluation aspect of MBO is relatively straightforward. Employees are evaluated on their performance with respect to goal achievement (allowing appropriately for changes in the environment.) All that is left over(p) to do is to tie goal achievement to reward, and perhaps compensation, and provide the appropriate feedback. Employees should be given feedback on their own goals as well as the organizations goals. Make sure you remember the participative principle When you present organization-wide results you have another(prenominal) opportunity to link individual groups performances to corporate performance. Ultimately this is what MBO is all about and why, when done right, it can spur org anization-wide performance and productivity.Management by objectives is not a technique of performance appraisal, but it denotes a systematic process of performance appraisalMBO as an approach which uses objectives as a central point to improve managerial performance and managerial effectiveness, both at the individual and at the organisational level. These objectives serve to guide, direct, review and measure performance. However, MBO should not be thought of as merely a tool for performance appraisal. It is a far more comprehensive mechanism and provides a framework for organisational and managerial decisions In the MBO approach while the objectives provide the focal point, the emphasis is on improving the performance and providing better results. This is because MBO is concerned with achieving the objectives as well as the process by which they are achieved. The objectives will necessarily vary with the managerial level at which they are set. Objectives at the level of the manag ing director will be different from those of a branch manager or the intersection manager. However, all these objectives are derived from the organisations overall objectives and in turn are coupled to the corporate plan. The fact that MBO allows for distant, intangible organisational objectives to be converted into achievable, personalised objectives (for each level of management ) is the reason for its success and popularity. The key concepts in MBO are emphasis on results rather than activities, objectives for specific managerial positions, participatory or joint objective setting, identification of key result areas, and establishment of periodic review system.

Intimate partner violence

refer match forceAbstractUsing quaternion published articles this radical incurs a look at gender differences in addressing familiar(p) accessory effect (IPV), the causes, whos at risk and what suffer prevent revictimization. Not just will this paper explore intimate circumstancesner craze (IPV) and the motives tail end it, it will besides discuss the court system, public policies, and the gender prec onceived notion it holds. A portion of the studies study in this paper used the field of matter Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to gain seek. This study is the largest annual wickedness victimization survey worldwide. The information used for analysis in these occurrence journals was gathered from 1987 to 2003, and participants in the study were interviewed once every six months for tierce years.This paper attempts to evaluate Intimate Partner Violence and comp be the acrimony and frequency of virile perpetrators and female perpetrators. IPV is defined by Cho and Wilke as a violent crime, including rape, sexual assault, aggravated assault, and simple assault, committed by a current of former spouse or boy or little girl friend. This topic is important to study in order to subdue the prevalence of IPV and to be able to better help victims of IPV.In a 2004 study, Henning and Feder comp ard the demographic characteristics, severity of intimate partner force out and criminal histories of work force and wo hands arrested for assaulting an intimate partner in order to analyze the increase in female arrestees due to IPV. The study will evaluate if wo manpower offend as often and as seriously as custody.The study analyzed 16,200 custody and wo custody from 1997-2001 that were arrested for misdemeanor or felony national violence assaults. Henning and Feder (2004) prove 16.8% of people arrested during the foursome year period were women. It was found that females that were arrested were newer than male arrestees and were withal young than the victim. In addition to this, the majority of men and women were African American. Addition providedy, female offenders were more(prenominal) than likely to get arrested with their partner and also more likely than men to be charged with a felony assault and to allow used a weapon. Contrary to this however, women were not more like to have injured their partner during the dispute. priapics in the study were more likely to have had the police involved in a previous domestic abuse incident and also more than twice as likely to have prior arrests.The study shows that while women do have a fairly high take aim of intimate partner violence, it was reason that risk assessments associated with men that were arrested were much greater than risk assessments associated with women that were arrested. Furthermore, the criminal history of men that had been arrested previously for domestic violence and nonviolence charges may be more likely to continually be arrested for domesti c violence, while women in the study appear to be at low risk to engage in continued ill will or criminality (Henning and Feder, 2004).A significant weakness in this study is that it fails to take into account egotism defense from women. For example, if a woman was using violence as a form of self defense, she would still be include in the study. A major limitation of this study is that it only if analyzes men and women in Shelby County, TN and may not be an accurate representation of all men and women.In query acquired by Muller, Desmarais Hamel (2009) it shows that women initiate physical aggression as often, or more often than men, rarely in self defense, and motivated for similar reasons, typically for the purpose of expressing frustration, to communicate or to control, our turn out of desire to retaliate. Our public policy focuses primarily on male- perpetrated domestic violence and the needs of female victims and their children (Muller et al., 2009). There are close to 2 ,000 shelters nationwide and only a handful offer beds or services to battered men and their children (Muller et al, 2009).Muller et al. (2009) inquiry reveals that women are significantly more likely to have their abuse protection request granted than men, with an approval rate of 91% versus men at 66%. Currently there are 227,941 brisk restraining orders against adults almost all of them are domestic violence cases (Muller et al.,2009) Approximately 72% were protecting a woman from a placid man, 19% restrained a same-sex partner, and 9% restrained a woman from a protect man according to Muller et al (2009). Female defendants were much more likely to use a dangerous weapon when attacking their victims and were also more likely to scratch or gouge their victims (Muller et al., 2009)In Hambys compendium article she brings to light the fact that women perpetrate physical abuse against their children in roughly equal numbers, if not more than men. Along with Muller et al. (2009), Hamby research also complies that women report more victimization crimes with the police. Interestingly enough once the police were called they were more likely to arrest assailants of females (36%) versus males (12%) (Hamby, 2005).The findings were parallel in two Muller et al. (2009) and Hamby (2005) articles, concluding that due to the size differential injury rate are much higher in assaults against women. Research demonstrates that men further more hesitant to report domestic violence than women, even in the more severe cases (Muller et al., 2009). Muller et al (2009) also showed that male plaintiffs are more likely to drop a case given the diminish likelihood that they will report their abuse. This can be due to prevalent norms regarding masculinity, men may be opposed to convey their fear or to call the police even when they have every reason to do so (Muller et al.., 2009).Cho and Wilke (2010) examined the effects an arrest has on a domestic violence offended and revicti mization. Cho and Wilke analyzed men 18 and over who reported macrocosm a victim of IPV from a female perpetrator (female victims were also analyzed for sake of comparison).In the study, Cho and Wilkes found, there are 8 propagation as many female IPV victims as male IPV victims, which highly contrasted with Hambys findings. Female victims in this study were younger than male victims. Similarly to Henning and Feders 2004 study, female victims reported more minor injuries while male victims endured more aggravated assaults (Cho and Wilkes, 2010). Also, as Henning and Feder reported, Cho and Wilke found more female perpetrators used severe violence and weapons than did male perpetrators. Male victims were revictimized less frequently than female victims which may be in part due to what was suggested in Henning and Feders 2004 study, that women are less likely to be buy up offenders, and also with Hambys research that women report more victimization.In the study, there appeared to b e no significant relationship between perpetrator arrest and step-down revictimization of males. However, perpetrator arrest reduced the odds of female revictimization by 45% (Cho and Wilkes, 2010). Also, while Cho and Wilke found there was no difference in revictimization in cases with or without weapons, it was found that victims of rape/sexual assault were three times more likely than victims of simple assault to be assaulted again. Like Henning and Feder, Cho and Wilke concluded that men are IPV victims much less frequently and they confirmed that IPV is generally male violence.A significant limitation in this study is that only 33 of the 298 men study were revictimized, and out of those 33 men, only 7 had perpetrators that were arrested (Cho and Wilkes, 2010). Since this number is so small, it would be hard to link arrests to the reduction of revictimization. another(prenominal) limitation is that the study did not take into account the context of the violence, or what type o f violence it was, much like Henning and Feders 2004 study.A more conclusive study of IPV would provide a better insight to the understand of male vs. female perpetrators. However, based on the studies analyzed, iodin can assume that women are much more likely to be the victim of IPV than men. Muller et al. 2009 research deviates from these findings, but it is in the minority. This was the main concern in comparing the four studies, as it seemed like it would be very clear as to which were more likely to be perpetrators men or women. For the reason that only one of the four studies found that women perpetrate more than men, it is safe to assume that women are more frequently victims of IPV.As suggested, services and afterward care for victims of domestic violence is much more geared toward women. Research in the studies proposes men may be less apt to look for help after IPV as well as less likely to report IPV, which can be a severe factor in the skewing of information. Although research suggests that men are more capable of hurting women in IPV disputes, women and men twain need to be held to the same standards when it comes to arrests and seriousness of the offenses. In order to more accurately assess the prevalence of IPV against men vs. against women the same action moldiness be taken to each offender.ReferencesCho, H, Wilke, D. (2010). Gender differences in the nature of the intimate partner violence and effects of perpetrator arrest on revictimization. daybook of Family Violence, 25. Retrieved from http//www.springerlink.com.proxy.library.oregonstate.edu/ subject matter/g66p6m7l17h04783Hamby, S. (2005). Measuring gender differences in partner violence implications from research on other forms of violence and socially undesirable behavior. Sex Roles, 52(11), Retrieved from http//www.springerlink.com.proxy.library.oregonstate.edu/content/n73725h872gn7564/fulltext.pdfHenning, K, Feder, L. (2004). A Comparison of men and women arrested for domestic v iolence who presents the greater curse?. Journal of Family Violence, 19(2), Retrieved from http//www.springerlink.com.proxy.library.oregonstate.edu/content/mju9703751346711Muller, H, Desmarais, S, Hamel, J. (2009). Do judicial responses to restraining order requests discriminate against male victims of domestic violence?. Journal of Family Violence, 24(8), Retrieved from http//www.springerlink.com.proxy.library.oregonstate.edu/content/r8j8u66319rl13j7/

Corruption and Integrity

decomposition and IntegrityCorruption and integrity atomic number 18 two forces contradicting with each distinct. Corruption be primarily rampant on the golf club where integrity is not care ford as it is to be.The society where rot is reasonably controlled requires that all technical-institutional components like police forces, regulations, procedures, surveillance and enforcement, judgment, settle with and punishment be in place. This requirement is extremely grievous, and much tending has rightly been focused on it. Public and private institutions may save sh be m whatsoever an(prenominal) common degeneracy challenges. Any full-size-scale governing or a country that interacts with different kind of people, multiple suppliers and customers mustiness ensure that politicians and / or employees do not take advantage of their entrusted powers and plume bribes. Codes of channel and promoting integrity alongside effective customer complaint, whistle blowing and fi scal tracking outlines subscribe to been applied prosperedly in twain states of governance.Myanmar and Iraq ar considered top most ranking rape nations in the world. Myanmar is located in the eastern part of the Asian continent, in a geographical argona rich in natural and mineral resources, which provides significant stinting potential. Hundreds of disposal officials were done on charges of subversion. Since then, this topic has remained super politicized, limiting the room for leash parties to address this issue. It does, however, remain pressing in November 2004, the non-governmental organization Transparency worldwide published its annual rot perception index, with Myanmar ranking among the five thrash countries surveyed (on 142nd place out of 145). In Iraq putridness is in addition rampant. Estimated confirms that the official corruption costs Iraq $5-7 billion per year as estimated by one cured Iraqi official. Notable steps wear been taken Iraq has a publi c presentation audit board and inspectors command in the ministries, and senior leaders including the prime quantity Minister have identified rooting out corruption as a national priority. But too many political leaders compose pursue their personal, sectarian, or party interests. There are still no examples of senior officials who have been brought before a court of law and convicted on corruption charges (Transparency International, 2008).In contrast, Denmark and capital of Singapore are two of the least(prenominal) corrupt countries in the world according to transparency International. It has a gameyly developed securities industry-based economy, which historically revolves somewhat extended Centerport trade. Denmark is a country with high deterrent examplee populations and effective leadrers (Stone Bain, 2008). Singapore has been rated as the most business-friendly economy in the world with thousands of foreign expatriates working in multi-national corporations. Singapo re has a successful and transparent market economy (Mirza, 2006). Companies which are government-linked were dominant in the local anesthetic economys various sectors, such as utilities, media, and public transport. Singapore has been consistently rated as the Asias least corrupt country and one of the worlds ten most issue from corruption as reported by Transparency International (Transparency International, 2008).Myanmar and Iraq are considered as developing countries. In the last few years, corruption in the developing countries has come to the forefront of development thinking. Tight fiscal situations at home have made donor countries focus to a greater extent on the impact of their sanction to developing countries, raising concerns among bilateral and multilateral aid agencies over the effect of corruption on economic performance. At the corresponding time, the trend towards democratization has made developing country government fount to a greater scrutiny and accountabilit y from a kinder segment of general public. Despite this, there remains a significant degree of ambivalency among many policy makers active the real impact of corruption in the economy. This slight-than-enthusiastic response is due in part to the to the so called corruption puzzle. In a number of Asian countries, high rates of growth had been sustained over a long period despite high take aims of corruption (Transparency International, 2008). Empirical evidence indicating that corruption impedes growth and investment has begun to emerge, with academics and scholars increasingly devoting more than time to study the surrounding issues. These findings parallel to the emerging concerns of politicians and policy makers around the world about the perverting effects of corruption on economic performance and increasing efforts to try to address the chthoniclying causes. Corrupt actions are a great deal demythologisedized by those who perform it. Two forms of corruptions that are p artly hypersensitised to such rationalization are noble cause of corruption. In fibre of Myanmar, corruption induces performing actions for good end. Given the goal motivation, this form of corruption is highly susceptible to rationalization. Unfortunately such actions notwithstanding the good motive are tainted. In particular, although the person who performs such actions might believe that he/she is doing what is right this belief is a mistaken one (Svensson, 2005). The action is virtuously wrong. In contrast, Iraq is operating(a) in Trans cultural and sacred setting which is often finds it easy to rationalize away their engagement in corruption by invoking arguments, such as When in Rome, Do as Romans do. When one is operating in an environment in which one has, so to speak, no moral stake, such arguments can be tempting. This is especially the case if the condition contributive to corruption, for example, power imbalances, are in play. Unfortunately, the rationalizations for corruption that arise in transcultural setting do not in fact justify it (Miller et al, 2005).What determine are needed to complement the system in Myanmar and Iraq or new(prenominal) corrupt nations? Obviously, a comprehensive answer is outside the scope of this paper. However, a meat syndrome needs to be identified and focused on. That syndrome will take on rationally decision making that leads to action which is effective in achieving purposes which it is mean to achieve. Important decisions of dubious rationality, or neglect of rational ones, are often made even if no corruption may have been think (Svensson, 2005). The recurrent disasters involving seagoing vessels and loss of lives and property in the burning of discotheque place and hotel in recent years in these nations are at least partly results of lack of rationality in decision making. The country character of Myanmar and Iraq as compare to Singapore and Denmark did not change importantly until the 1990s. In the meantime, the particularistic values and norms that have worked so well since the superannuated times can continue to be emphasized over other values and norms, and help maintain public order (Kaing, Thet Aye 2005). However, in the rapidly urbanizing society, the same personality values and norms are no longer fitted to cope with the decision making situations involving large concentrations of diverse populations. Commitment to more impersonal or universalistic norms has become necessary. It is evident, however, that at this historical juncture, Burmese or people of Myanmar generally continue to fit decisions to the more familiar and comfortable personalistic framework ( fall in Nations, 2004).Ultimately, corruption adds inefficiency into a system and increases the risk for investors. Consequently, market prices are higher due to increased risk and increased effect costs. Deep rooted corruption causes companies to rely on paying bribes as their main source of competitive ad vantage (Klitgaard, 2000). This is opposed to innovating, taking risks and comely more efficient. Being chastely corrupt is the lowest form of introduction as they take advantage of the weak and most vulnerable in society through the pursuit of personal gain. By sacrificeing stakeholder theory, morally corrupt people have total disregard for the well being of people, and have no concern for the future well being of society. By applying rigorous principals, all forms of corruption are immoral as it does not pull ahead society over the long run. However, this should not be used as an excuse to partake in corruption indefinitely. One can morally partake in corruption provided that there is a net constructive benefit for the society, and that the corrupt act is made with the intention of reducing general corruption (Svensson, 2005). According to Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2009, p.4), morality refers to an ideal regulation of conduct, one which would be espoused in pre ference to alternatives by all rational people, under specified conditions. However, corruption is a highly subjective guinea pig which depends upon persons, cultural, honorable, moral and religious backgrounds. A perception of person regarding the corruption also depends upon their understanding and education of corruption. Hence, it is difficult to define an ideal code of conduct that all rational people will abide by, even under specified conditions. In many cases, the seemingly black and white scenario has large portions of grey. Morality is a term that spans many meanings (Miller et al, 2005). It is shaped the countrys cultural, moral, ethical and religious backgrounds. Despite religious diversity throughout the world, morality at its core is shared by all of human kind. Religious scriptures and ancient ism echo similar beliefs that we should love our neighbor and take care of others less fortunate. Thus, these implications are normally variable of corruptions in any country, specifically Myanmar and Iraq (Klitgaard, 2000). By removing corruption, we are creating value. In reality we sometimes need to partake in corruption in order to make progress.Just as important a component of this desired values outcomes, and the value that will be seen e reallywhere, is universalism. These are the foundations of countries with high level of integrity and low level of corruption. The judgment is taken from Parsons and is interpreted in practical terms to mean valuing principles that apply to the larger group as opposed to select few. From these values is a derived lower level norm that regulates relationships among individuals in the larger society. These lower level norms include the application of the merit principle in the hiring, firing and onward motion of personnel in organizations the application of the first com first served principle in the making or delivery of claims the use of rational criteria in delivering operate to members of general public, in a ccounting for use of power and others (Svensson, 2005). There are variety of are possibility of ways to lessen the corrupt and unethical behaviors. In Denmark, there are programs implemented to monitor the budget parceling of each government officials as well as the organized system of Singapore. Unlike Myanmar and Iraq, there are no specified programs regarding these issues. There are some visible programs but it was inefficient in combating the corruption which is commonly committed by higher officials of the government. The members of the population, who recognize the importance of integrity and values, if they have not internalized this as central part of their value system and repertoire, may be in the minority at the present time, but they are there. The success of Singaporean working in organizations is one indication, as is the operating theater of such enclaves as the main factor for their economic success and uncomparable progress in Asia. What seems to be called for i s the lead and support that they need at the same time that efforts are made to increase their progressions. An effective leadership system that will promote progress and economic sustainability will be a great help, but so will more ship action at inculcating the appropriate values itself (Mirza, 2006). The ethical dimension of corruption activity does not consist simply of constraining rules and minimal standards, and certainly no simply of and reasonedly enforceable rules and standards. In the first place, many principles and standards are not legally enforceable but are except highly ethically desirable. anti-corruption system is one of the ways to lessen these deleterious activities. Anti-corruption system can be thought of as being both predominantly reactive and predominantly preventive. Naturally, the distinction is somewhat artificial, since there is a need for both reactive elements, for example, investigation and adjuration, as well as preventive elements, for example ethic training and transparency, and an adequate ant-corruption system. At any rate, there is a proposed to concise anti-corruption system under two broad headings, the reactive and preventive approaches. There are also subheadings in these approaches promoting ethical behavior, corporate governance and prerogative and transparency (Klitgaard, 2000). Denmark and Singapore employed different approaches from Myanmar and Iraq, their approaches to combat corruption in their country this is the main reason wherefore there is very relatively small rate of corruption in these two countries. They used criteria in each approaches employed, manner of implementation, and results of the activities undertaken. The typologies and the specifications and examples given are worth looking at. In Denmark, leaders are being non institutional, characterized by spontaneity among adherents. It takes highly emotional and moralistic stance against corruption. Singapore value changes in actors of various i nstitutions as a goal. In fact, in the approaches they implemented, the strain is on moral and legal, there is no provision for effective technical, legal and bureaucratic mover in combating the corruption. These countries also emphasizes the use of institutional means to achieve stated goals, including legislative measures, anti-corruption bureaus and anti -corruption campaigns aimed at securing the cooperation of the public in the drive of corruption. This approach is led by their powerful rulers in their society and utilizes constitutional legal, organizational and procedural means to achieve a very high level goal the elimination or eradication of corruption (Miller et al, 2005).REFERENCES Transparency International (2008). Global Corruption Report 2008. Cambridge University Press.Svensson, J. (2005). Eight Questions about Corruption. Journal of EconomicPerspectives-Vol.19.Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Religion and Morality.2 June 2009. http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/ religion-moralityMiller, S., Roberts, P., Spence, E. (2005). Corruption and Anti Corruption An appliedphilosophical Approach New York Prentice Hall.United Nations. (2004). Strategic Framework for UN Agencies in Myanmar. areaTeam in Myanmar Yangon UN Country Team in MyanmarKaing, Thet Aye (2005). New Government Accuses Super Power of eccentric in YangonBombings. The Myanmar Times.Klitgaard, R. (2000). Corrupt Cities A Practical Guide to cure and prevention.Oakland calcium ICS pressStone,A. Bain, C. (2008). Denmark? Denmark delineatedsketches of the present state of that country?Mirza, H. (2006). Multinationals and the growth of the Singapore economy?

Strategies for Discrimination in Adult Community Care

Strategies for Discrimination in swelled companionship C beIdentify and reflect on potential strategies for addressing burdensomenessand unfair discrimination encountered in community of interests circumspection for adults. Examine the implications of this passage for a hearty beter value base.The Audit Commission writing of 1986 and the Griffiths report 1988 emphasised the need for c are to become consumer-led tradition eachy pronounce run operate were quickly contracted out to private and intended sector providers. Value-for-money became key, and community care became the favoured option over and above residential care (Blake much, 2003). Some argued that social work values became secondary to resource-led decision-making (Banks, 1995). contradict discrimination substructure be defined as the attribution of forbid traits or features with regard to an individual, or a group of people (Thompson 2003). loosely negative discrimination relates to social and biological const ructs and nookie be found upon a multitude of characteristics, such as gender, race, sexual orientation, disability, class, age and so on. Negative discrimination creates situations that canful lead to oppressive practices, which is defined by Thompson (2001) asInhuman or degrading treatment of individuals or groups affliction and injustice brought about by one group or another(prenominal) the negative and de slosheding exercise of power (pg 34)The core principle of the NHS Community Care Act 1990 was to give people the choice, where possible, being cared for in their induce home (Blackmore, 2003), and the social care field was opened to market forces operate applyrs became consumers. However, the purchasing power of service users is disparate, dependant upon social, economic and individual variables. Adults partaking in community care are curiously vulnerable to oppressiveness where in that location is an imbalance in the distribution of financial or other cloth resour ces economic status can create real disparities in the specimen of care received. Service users will often find their financial resources are controlled by their carers, placing the carer in a powerful define and dis inducting the service user. This can be countered by being very open with the service user and avoiding closed decision-making and mystery (Topps, 2001). The service user should be involved at all levels of decision-making regarding resources. The Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996 is encouraging as it allows topical anaesthetic authorities to make direct carryments to service users, enabling them to arrange and pay for their own care package. This is a positive step forward in empowering community care service users.It is excessively important for practitioners and carers to distribute their use of language and its potential effects. Dehumanizing and medicalised language can result in a loss of esteem and a sense of disempowerment for the any service user, particularly those with intellectual impairments who possibly less able to understand medical terms. This can be prevented by avoiding jargon and providing lots of opportunities for questions and open discussion. Carers and social services staff should continually check themselves for use of infantilising language and ensure they busy in mature, adult discourse with service users. An example of dehumanizing language that is solace used unconstipatedly in care setting is the term manual handling. Many physically impaired service users have report this term as degrading (Elder-Woodward, 2001), as the implication is that the person is an object lens to be handled. The term moving and assisting is more widely accepted now.We should also consider the power that is implied through the assumption that professionals have superior medical knowledge, skills and expertise in relation to the community care service user. Often, care designings are based upon the medical model the impairm ent is seen as the chore and the service users dependence is emphasized (Adams et al, 2002). Thompson (2001) says social work should take a demedicalised stance and look past the pathology, utilizing the social model of disability as described by Adams et al (2002). The social model suggests the service users postulate should be considered in a much wider context, ensuring their social and mental health are given equal consideration to their medical needs. Viewing societal constraints as the problem, and not the individual, creates the frame of mind to consider how to remove barriers to mainstream social, political and economic life. affable workers should liase with service users and look towards a solution-focused (not impairment-focused) care plan whereby barriers are identified and solutions sought collaboratively, utilizing strengths. societal workers are trained to critically reflect on their practice to ensure they continually monitoring their reactions to, and assignmen t with, service users. Critically reflective practice is crucial in anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory work. Until recently, community carers were not trained in such practice and therefore were more likely to repeat oppressive practices over and over as they maybe not be aware of the implicit discriminatory messages of some behaviours. The return is tackled by new regulations, which require all paid carers to hold an NVQ qualification. The NVQ requires carers to consider issues of discrimination and oppression, and look at significant elements of their own identity. It is important this educational activity is followed up by regular supervision and support (Thompson 2003). Care can be stressful, and it is crucial that steps are taken to minimise pressure, where possible, and for managers/social workers to take the opportunity to debrief with carers as necessary.The ability to identify and invoke non-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice and procedure is a focal point of the social work value base ( readiness Organisation for Personal Social Services, 1989). Social workers must maintain awareness of the value base by using a variety of strategies to ensure service users are not discriminated against. The aforementioned strategies mean the social work value base is referred to, and reflected upon on a regular basis it makes it a working, live document. All of the aforementioned strategies are referred to within the value base as issued raised by service users.Anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practices are once again key focus areas for social workers and carers alike. It is encouraging that all workers are required to consider such issues within their training and as part of their value base, and steps are being taken to empower service users by facilitating the co-ordination and funding of their own care package. It remains the national that many care-receivers live with friends/family, who ultimately are in a position of considerable p ower over the service user, which can lead to oppression and discrimination.ReferencesAdams, Robert et al (eds) 2002 Critical Practice in Social Work. Basingstoke, Palgrave.Banks, S (1995) ethics and Values in Social Work. Macmillan Press LTD, LondonBlackmore, k (2003) Social Policy An Introduction. 2nd Ed. Buckingham, Open University PressElder-Woodward, J (2001) Making feel of Community Care Recent Initiatives A service users perspective or, parting to Welfare The perspective ofan ungrateful bastard. Retrieved 16th August 2005 from http//www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/elderwood/CCPS paper3 (Times12).pdfThompson, Neil (2001) Anti-discriminatory Practice tertiary Ed. Basingstoke, Palgrave.Thompson, Neil (2003) Promoting Equality Challenging Discrimination and Oppression 2nd Ed. New York, PalgraveTraining Organisation for Personal Social Services (2001) National Occupational Standards for Social Work. Topps, Leeds

Admissions Essay -Forgotten, but Not Gone :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions set about - Forgotten, but Not Gone   The only signs of life came from faint movements their bodies do when inhaling and exhaling the surrounding air. Most of the patients did not tied(p) blink as tag Barker, host of The Price is Right, somehow held his viewers in a mesmerizing trance. Others maintained slouched postures as they dozed stumble in their wheelchairs. Ben and Gene, however, danced spastically objet dart quietly modulation unrecognizable hymns. Ninety-four year old Mary was discreetly roll herself out of the recreation room. A shaggy looking maintenance man, with the concern Ronnie embroidered on his stained uniform, was viciously tearing apart the rooms air learn unit.   Despite this less than ideal environment, my summer internship as a unpaid therapist in this long-term health care facility remained unchanged. electric current Events at 1100 was boldly displayed on the doors and cork-boards throughout the building, and it was my job to allay a discussion with this diverse root word of brain-injured people.   To more than a hardly a(prenominal) jeers from the crowd, curtsey Barkers entrancing powers suddenly evaporated as I turned finish the television.  I convinced our both talented dancers to join the rest of the throng, fleck steadily peal Mary back into the room. I sat push passel with my usual copy of the Boston Globe. A picture of families splashing and trail along the coast of a sandy beach immediately seized my attention. many patients also caught a glimpse of the striking photograph and conversation erupted. The group ranged in age from twenty-one to one-hundred-one, but it did not matter, everyone had a allegory to tell about their days of summer fun. I could not forswear a sense of longing in their voices, as tales of sand and sunbathebathe sounded like intangible dreams from a remote past.      Our dialogue was cut perfectly by the squealing sounds of the lu nch cart, signaling the end of our current tied(p)ts session. I bolted down to the recreation office while visions of a beach-related activity fill my mind. I eventually acknowledged that for medical and safety reasons it would be unsurmountable for patients to leave facility grounds. The focus of my thoughts shifted to images of an artificial beach within the institution. I immediately remembered the second floor patio which was outdoors and easily accessible. When I threw my ideas at the office, everyone was skeptical because of a curtage of staffing, but after cardinal days I was able to enlist an enthusiastic group of volunteers, including kitchen workers, interns and even Ronnie our maintenance man.Admissions seek -Forgotten, but Not Gone Medicine College Admissions Essays Admissions Essay - Forgotten, but Not Gone   The only signs of life came from faint movements their bodies do when inhaling and exhaling the surrounding air. Most of the patients did not even bl ink as Bob Barker, host of The Price is Right, somehow held his viewers in a spellbinding trance. Others maintained slouched postures as they dozed off in their wheelchairs. Ben and Gene, however, danced spastically while quietly chanting unrecognizable hymns. Ninety-four year old Mary was discreetly wheeling herself out of the recreation room. A shaggy looking maintenance man, with the let on Ronnie embroidered on his stained uniform, was viciously tearing apart the rooms air teach unit.   Despite this less than ideal environment, my summer internship as a amateur therapist in this long-term health care facility remained unchanged. occurrent Events at 1100 was boldly displayed on the doors and cork-boards throughout the building, and it was my job to drive on a discussion with this diverse group of brain-injured people.   To more than a few jeers from the crowd, Bob Barkers entrancing powers suddenly evaporated as I turned off the television.  I convinced our two talented dancers to join the rest of the group, while steadily wheeling Mary back into the room. I sat down with my usual copy of the Boston Globe. A picture of families splashing and rails along the coast of a sandy beach immediately seized my attention. somewhat patients also caught a glimpse of the striking photograph and conversation erupted. The group ranged in age from twenty-one to one-hundred-one, but it did not matter, everyone had a boloney to tell about their days of summer fun. I could not deny a sense of longing in their voices, as tales of sand and sun sounded like intangible dreams from a remote past.      Our dialogue was cut short by the squealing sounds of the lunch cart, signaling the end of our current events session. I bolted down to the recreation office while visions of a beach-related activity flood my mind. I eventually acknowledged that for medical and safety reasons it would be unrealizable for patients to leave facility grounds. The focus of my thoughts shifted to images of an artificial beach within the institution. I immediately remembered the second floor patio which was outdoors and easily accessible. When I threw my ideas at the office, everyone was skeptical because of a shortage of staffing, but after two days I was able to enlist an enthusiastic group of volunteers, including kitchen workers, interns and even Ronnie our maintenance man.

Comparing the Development of Trade in Gotland and Great Zimbabwe :: Geography

Comparing the Development of passel in Gotland and Great ZimbabweThere were many differences and similarities between the ways grapple hasdeveloped in Gotland and in Great Zimbabwe. In this essay I would discussthe most important ones, that can indicate something about business deal ontogeny in other places in the world. The time span in which cover hasdeveloped and came to its highest level in both places was about the same.In Great Zimbabwe it was between the 10th and the 16th centuries. InGotland it started in the Vikings get on end (9th century) and ended in the16th century. The grapple was reduced radically after these eras have passed.The main reason for it in Great Zimbabwe was affable and environmentalreasons_Great Zimbabwe was abandoned. Another reason is that the Portuguesebegan exploring southeast Africa and made colonies there, that diminished theShona Kingdom even more. In Gotland the slew amounts were reduced becauseit stopped existence an independent island_i t was vanquished by its enemies.The conquering of a place could affect the trade wind and its development forthe worse.The geographical locations in both places have affected the tradedevelopment. Both places have coasts. In Gotland, which is an island, itwas probably hard to create trade connections when the ships were not sodeveloped. When the ships were more advanced, Gotland was used as a tradestation_ships from the Baltic area got equipped and traded with the Gutar.Great Zimbabwe is found in the mainland exactly it is close to the coast. GreatZimbabwes region contains many gold resources and it is a keenagricultural zone. The location of an area and the resources in it couldaffect the trade and its development tremendously. The markets that themerchants in each place traded with were ones that the best way to reachthem was by sailing. The people from Great Zimbabwe used the winds that areblowing in the Indian naval and the Arab sea to navigate to the places theytraded wit h. The places are southern Arabia, India, China. The Gutartraded with ships that came to Gotland from the Baltic area. In the well-situatedage of the trade in Gotland the Gutar have reached to places all over europium and even to the Mediterranean sea countries. Both places have tradedwith countries of their areas since the ships were not so well developed atthat time_unlike today, they were not good and safe nice for very longsails. In the past an access to a sea or an ocean could affect the tradeand its development.

Breakfast Club Character Evaluations Essay -- essays research papers

The Breakfast Club was a movie about five in truth different characters, Claire, Andrew, Brian, Allison, and commode curved shape. Claire was a popular girl, Andrew was a wrestler (jock), Brian was intellectually gifted, Allison was a basket case, and John Bender was a rebel. On the outside they seem like very different people, in fact they were all socially opposite, unless they to a fault shared so much. As the movie starts out, the five teenagers are world punished with Saturday detention their assignment for the next eight hours was to right a paper entitled Who Am I? Their most probable surmisal was from them to write about their achievements. Being students in America, we are all raised(a) to excel at whatever we do, whether it be at grades, wrestling, or existence popular. Since they judged themselves by what they do and achieve, their self-identities depend upon their achievements, (Kimball and Leidich page three). This leads to competitiveness, envy, jealously, and greed. Bender was jealous of Claire social status and of her leading a better life and to react to that he yelled at her and over-exaggerated the truth. He judged her by material possessions (earrings) and by social standings (prom queen), and he judged himself against her and that led to him wanting what she has (earrings and virginity). First he tried macrocosm more competitive with her by calling her names and putting her win so that he could seem higher and cooler than her. Then he became envious and jealous of her, wanting what she had. This two then lead to greed. as luck would have it for the both of them, they got beyond the achievements and fell in love. They learned to judge distributively other by the quality of their relationships and their lives. On the outside, Andrew thought that Brian had a fine good life. He had both good, loyal friends and great grades, something he could peradventure be envious of. It appears that Brian had great friends that did not judge him for what he did, but who he was. Brian wanted to hang out with the cool people, but he k bracing his social class. Possibly, he used a flare gun to exhaust himself because he felt that was the way his clique functioned and that would make his death more appealing to the popular. Alison felt that she needed someone to talk to. This is why she showed up. She was treat by her parents and probably felt that anyone was good enough to ... ...t he couldnt think for himself. When he did, he liked Brian and Alison, but his clique compulsion is probably not to be involved with them. Brians relationships dont have a cost of belonging he and any new friends are probably welcomed all the time without a requirement. Bender, though he does not admit it, has a cost of belonging also. His friends would reject Brian in fear of him telling or something along that line. Claire told him that even his clique had requirements. She tell that he if they were saw by his friends walking down the hal lway, he would verbalise that hes having sex with her.I thought that he subscribe helped a lot with the text. Without the movie, the material would be very dry and seriously to understand. The movie gave examples of everything so far in the text. It gave examples of the hierarchy of needs (like Bender still needing safety need before belongingness and love) the types of fear (rejection with Claire and a masquerade failure with Brian and overachieving and pain and suffering with Andrew and his making fun of and torturing the innocent) last, colony with Bender and Alison with the way they are always, at school and at home.

Odyssey :: essays research papers

In homing pigeon&8217s epic, The Odyssey, various aspects of the ancient Greeks atomic number 18 revealed through the actions, characters, plot, and wording. Homer uses his skill as a playwright, poet, and philosopher to inform the audience of the history, prides, and achievements of the ancient Greeks, and, likewise, to promise of the many determine and the multi-faceted finishing of the ancient Greek caste. The Greeks had numerous values and customs, of which the primary principles are the mental characteristics of an individual, the physical characteristics of an individual, the recreations and pastimes the Greeks enjoyed, the way in which a host treats a guest, the religious aspects, and finally, the Greeks&8217 view on life, revealed in The Odyssey which shows and defines their cultureOne of the most prominent of the mental characteristics the ancient Greeks cherished was the sagacity and the wit of an individual. This can be discerned from The Odyssey because of many i nstances and events in which Odysseus uses his brain&8217s wit and other tricks to get himself out of a risky situation. Examples of this are when he tells Polyphemos the Cyclopes that his name is Nobody, when he overcomes Circe&8217s magic with the serving of moly, when he fills his men&8217s ears with wax and ties himself to a post so that he and his men can get by the Sirens safely, and when he disguises himself as a beggar and reveals his true identity to few. Odysseus is by &8220far the high hat of mortal men for counsel and stories (Bk. XIII, 297 &8211 298). Also, Odysseus is said to be able to allude a god in wits and trickery (Bk. XIII, 291 &8211 295). Penelope, Odysseus&8217 wife also uses her wit and trickery to get herself out of situations. An example of this is when she pretends to be twist a shroud for Laertes, but actually undoes at night as much as she had done in the morning. Athene, the goddess of wisdom, provides another example of the practice of wit and tri cks. Athene disguises Odysseus as a beggar and also surrounds him with a mist numerous times so that his former acquaintances will not see or recognize him.Other significant mental characteristics that the Greeks valued are devotion and loyalty. There are many, many examples of loyalty and faithfulness in The Odyssey. The four most significant examples are Penelope, Eumaios, Philoitois, and Argos.

Medieval Food :: Food Historical Essays

chivalrous FoodFood is something that either hatful have always and will always need to consume in order to survive and thrive. Not only this, but it is also has an of import societal function. Food is an important part of celebrations and sometimes dictates roles in societies. In Medieval society food was important for banquets, what was sweep awayen by a individual could denote what class a person was from, and was often menti unityd in the literature. For my see I presented desserts, cover, and a couple of drinks. As far as the bread is concerned I made one loaf using beer and one loaf using water. The desserts were a strawberry tart, and Daryols, which is basically a custard or pudding pie. I also made two alcohol drinks, Mead, though very weak, and spiced wine. Food is commonly mentioned throughout Old position and Medieval literature. In Beowulf, much of the action revolves around the mead lobby where great banquets are held. In Sir Gawain and the Green Kni ght, the poem begins in the banquet hall and the Green knight first appears before King Arthur and his guests at a feast. Since most of the recipes which I used are from the 14th century I focused most of the literary aspect of my presentation on Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales. First of all the whole reason that the pilgrims tell their tales is because the inn shop steward agrees to give the teller of the best story a free dinner at the end of the pilgrimage. Three characters, in particular, are described in the general prologue in relation to food, the nun or prioress, the franklin, and not astonishingly the cook.Canterbury Tales charactersThe Nun or Prioress is on page 218 of the Norton Anthology of side Literature, 7th edition volume one. Her passage discusses her impeccable manners.The Franklin is on page 223 of the Norton Anthology of English Literature, seventh edition volume one. His passage discusses his grand hall and all of the food he always has on hand and r eady to eat in case someone shows up.The Cook is on page 224 of the Norton Anthology of English Literature, seventh edition volume one. This description discusses all of the utensils that the cook brought and what he plans to cook while the pilgrims walk across England.

Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers

In my opinion the Retributivist climb up to Capital penalty is the more(prenominal) appropriate view. The Retributivist believes that lousiness done with a vengeance should be repaid with penalty in-kind. In severalise to protect order of magnitude and pr aftermath evil, the demise penalty has to be the most(prenominal) severe ca-ca of punishment with the biggest impact on society. Persons who commit devastation penalty should start out and be punished for their inexcusable run(s). The principles of retributivism suggest that a convicted manslayer should be penalise be suit of clothes they be and have earned the finale sentence. The make up of retaliation digest still be made decent by balancing of the crime with the punishment even if it is the death penalty. Those opposed to the death penalty point that on deterrent example grounds, wholly lives argon unnameable and killing is evermore defile, a society, which kills, is no better than the murderers bei ng punished. The Retributivist maintains that the death must be kept free from every last(predicate) maltreatment that would cause suffering to be loathsome or abominable. penalty and more specifically Capital Punishment is a very arguable and sensitive subject. non all countries actively enforce Capital Punishment as a punishment, for a person found guilty by a reckon and/or Jury. Punishment is repairing an injustice Making a wrong objurgate. However, the question is once a person has been convicted and sentenced to the death penalty who has the more appropriate point of viewa)The Retributivist Legal Retributivism says that if a justice is broken, punishment must result, regardless of any moral effects. moralistic retributivism is concerned with the computer error itself if trouble oneself and grief have occurred, the criminal should be compensated with an equal punishment to the crime. Convicted felons must be punished and suffer to the full end of their crime. It is mora lly fitting that a person who does wrong should suffer in proportion to their erroneous belief. Society must inflict as much pain and suffering on convicted criminals as was inflicted during the commission of their crime(s).b)The utile A moral possible action according to which an action is right if and only if it conforms to the principle of utility. Utilitarianism is use to the proposition that the supreme objective of moral action is the achievement of the superlative happiness for the grea... ...ed by it. The retributivist would point out that on a lower floor this view, if punishment of an inexperienced person person can be used to adjoin good or decrease harm, the functional principle would be justified.Although the retributivist and utilitarian views of punishment differ, I believe that both these ideas exist in the court-ordered system. There are two positions to punishment a judge follows retributivism, facial expression to the past event to determine punishment, whereas the legislators follow the utilitarian view, looking to the in store(predicate) at all possible general cases. There are problems with the unembellished coexistence of these two views of punishment. A retributivist cannot allow utility to be too convoluted in ascertain punishment, since there guiding principle is that those guilty of wrongdoing must be punished, no matter what. Imagine a scenario where so many criminals compress away with a crime, that a utilitarian masking body of law might decide to punish a particular innocent in order to calm public fears. Justice is the theory and practice of claim the price for the action. Convicted murderers should be put to death because they deserve to die. Utilitarian and humanitarian considerations are irrelevant. Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers In my opinion the Retributivist approach to Capital Punishment is the more appropriate view. The Retributivist believes that evil done with a ve ngeance should be repaid with punishment in-kind. In order to protect society and prevent crime, the death penalty has to be the most severe form of punishment with the biggest impact on society. Persons who commit murder should suffer and be punished for their inexcusable action(s). The principles of retributivism suggest that a convicted murderer should be executed because they deserve and have earned the death sentence. The right of retaliation can only be made equal by balancing of the crime with the punishment even if it is the death penalty. Those opposed to the death penalty argue that on moral grounds, all lives are sacred and killing is always wrong, a society, which kills, is no better than the murderers being punished. The Retributivist maintains that the death must be kept free from all maltreatment that would cause suffering to be loathsome or abominable.Punishment and more specifically Capital Punishment is a very controversial and sensitive subject. Not all countries actively enforce Capital Punishment as a punishment, for a person found guilty by a Judge and/or Jury. Punishment is repairing an injustice Making a wrong right. However, the question is once a person has been convicted and sentenced to the death penalty who has the more appropriate point of viewa)The Retributivist Legal Retributivism says that if a law is broken, punishment must result, regardless of any moral effects. Moralistic retributivism is concerned with the wrongdoing itself if pain and grief have occurred, the criminal should be compensated with an equal punishment to the crime. Convicted felons must be punished and suffer to the full extent of their crime. It is morally fitting that a person who does wrong should suffer in proportion to their wrongdoing. Society must inflict as much pain and suffering on convicted criminals as was inflicted during the commission of their crime(s).b)The Utilitarian A moral theory according to which an action is right if and only if it con forms to the principle of utility. Utilitarianism is applied to the proposition that the supreme objective of moral action is the achievement of the greatest happiness for the grea... ...ed by it. The retributivist would point out that under this view, if punishment of an innocent person can be used to increase good or decrease harm, the utilitarian principle would be justified.Although the retributivist and utilitarian views of punishment differ, I believe that both these ideas exist in the legal system. There are two positions to punishment a judge follows retributivism, looking to the past event to determine punishment, whereas the legislators follow the utilitarian view, looking to the future at all possible general cases. There are problems with the apparent coexistence of these two views of punishment. A retributivist cannot allow utility to be too involved in determining punishment, since there guiding principle is that those guilty of wrongdoing must be punished, no matter what. Imagine a scenario where so many criminals get away with a crime, that a utilitarian viewing body of law might decide to punish a token innocent in order to calm public fears. Justice is the theory and practice of exacting the price for the action. Convicted murderers should be put to death because they deserve to die. Utilitarian and humanitarian considerations are irrelevant.